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Descrizione : Large Qur'an, finely illuminated Arabic manuscript in Andalusian script on vellum, Southern Spain or North West Africa, c. 1 200 The Text Is Complete, 151 leaves, 20 lines to the page written in fine Andalusian script in brown ink on vellum, diacritics in brown, orthographic and oythoepic marks in red, orange, green and blue/green the phrase 'La Illaha illa Huwa' picked in gold thuluth/cursive throughout, gold trefoil devices decorated with blue and red dots between verses, gold device based on the letter ha every five verses, gold roundel or quatrefoil device every ten verses, margins profusely illuminated with a variety of large and small devices in red, blue and gold referring to textual divisions or Pious instructions some slightly Trimmed sura headings in elaborate western kufic script in gold with edges shaded in red and illuminated Palmettes of intervoven strapwork extending into margins, five sura headings al- Fatiha, al-Baqarat, al- Araf, Maryam, Sad written in elaborate western kufic script in white, blue or gold on large panels of fine illumination in colours and gold, three further large panels of illumination with text in gold west kufic marking completed quarters of the Quran, opening double page with large square panels of fine illumination in colours and gold, final two pages with text Surat al- Kafirun to Surat al- Nas surrounded by bands of knotted rope motif in gold with panels of int oven foliate strapwork iii, colours and gold, folios 15th edges frayed and repaired slightly affecting text, folios 6-7 and 150-1 with edges repaired not affecting text, mod red leather binding, 315 295mm. This is the largest known single volume Andalusian/Maghribi Qur'an. It is remarkable not only for its size, but also for the profusion, variety and quality of illumination and the consistently fine script. The only Qur'anic manuscript from this region and period which is larger is a two volume Qur'an in the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art, Istanbul Ms. T.360 of which single leaves are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and the Cleveland Museum of Art see Al- Andalus, exhibition catalogue, New York, 1992, no.83, p.314, and The Islamic World, Metropolitan Museum of Art New York 1987, pp.56-7, and A. Welch, Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World, New York 1979, pp.70-1). The size of the present manuscript is 315 by 295mm., but it has been trimmed, and using the marginal illumination as a guide, it is possible to estimate that before being trimmed it measured approximately 360 by 340mm. After its size, the most striking aspect of the Qur'an is the illumination. It is extraordinary in its quantity, in the size of the panels, in the intricacy of the work and in the variety of designs. The marginal devices are predominantly roundels or scallop- shaped, but there are also large trefoil and quatrefoil devices and many large niche-shaped designs. The dominant colour scheme is red, blue and gold and all devices are surrounded by a serrated outline in blue. The scallop-shaped marginal devices occur every five verses and their shape echoes that of the ha-shaped devices amongst the text. The circular marginal devices occur every ten verses. The palmettes extending from sura headings are typical of western Islamic illumination, consisting of interwoven foliate strapwork, mostly in red and gold with serrated outlines in blue. Most of the sura headings, which are written in fine kufic in gold, blue or white with edges shaded in red, stand alone, but five of them are surrounded by panels of elaborate illumination. In addition there are three panels which mark the divisions of each of the quarters of the text and are remarkable for their size. The panel marking the end of the first quarter contains large western kufic script in gold which states the completion of this part and praises God. The panel measures 110 by 119mm. and the vertical letters of the kufic are 55mmm. in height. The half- way panel of illumination is even larger at 151 by 193mm. and the panel for the heading of Sura Sad, which marks the beginning of the final quarter of the text, measures 90 by 200mm. There is an opening double page with large square panels of illumination in white, red, blue and gold, each measuring 200 by 185mm. both now rubbed with repairs to the edges). The general character and certain specific features of the script would point to an Iberian, rather than North African origin, although it is difficult to determine the geographical origin of a manuscript purely on the basis of the script. Scribes were often expatriate at this period, so that a scribe working in Andalusian style, who was a native of, say, Valencia, could have been resident in Morocco. The salient features of Andalusian script have been pointed out by David james in The Master Scribes, London 1992 pp.86-8 and the script of the present manuscript conforms to them: the script is angular, neat and relatively small for the size of the folios, the shape of the letters sad, dad, ta, za and kaf are emphatically elongated, the hamzat al-qat is indicated by a red dot and the hamzat al- wasl by a green dot and the terminal qaf, fa and nun have their diacritical dots. For illustrations of other Andalusian or Maghribi Qur'ans and further discussion see: D.James, op. cit., pp.89-95, 212-224 Al- Andalus, New York 1992, pp.304-317 D. James, Qur'ans and Bindings from the Chester Beatty Library, London 1980, pp.109-15
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